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The publication Kriminológiai Tanulmányok (Studies in Criminology) has been published annually since 1962 by the National Institute of Criminology. This volume of studies by researchers at the NIC always includes the most important results of investigations, data and reports of research at the institute, as well as theoretical work of interest to both specialists and the laypeople in the general public. The studies in this year’s edition are grouped around the themes of freedom, security and law, and through an analysis of processes in Europe and in Hungary, they attempt to provide assistance in understanding current trends in crime policy and crime prevention. Several essays deal with questions of the application of the law, including the role of the Public Prosecutor’s Office in criminal mediation, the changes in the roles of public prosecutors in Europe, and the characteristics of actual life imprisonment, and the dilemmas around this legal institution. This year’s volume closes with studies analyzing various dimensions of child and juvenile criminality. It is our hope that this new volume will provide much interesting information and exciting reading matter to those interested in criminology. ◊◊◊◊◊◊
For the past two decades or more the growth of public policies and strategies aimed at crime prevention and community safety has constituted one of the major innovations in crime control, with significant implications for the manner in which crime and safety are governed. But how has ‘the preventive turn’ in crime control policies been implemented in various different countries and what have its implications been? What lessons have been learnt over the ensuing years and what are the major trends influencing the direction of development? What does the future hold for crime prevention and community safety?
These are some of the questions explored in this book through a comparative analysis of developments in crime prevention policies across a number of European countries. Contributors explore and assess the different models adopted and the shifting emphasis accorded to differing strategies over time. The book also seeks to compare and contrast different approaches as well as the nature and extent of policy transfer between jurisdictions and the internationalisation of key ideas, strategies and theories of crime prevention and community safety.
The book brings together a collection of leading international experts to explore the lessons learnt through implementation, and the future directions of crime prevention policies. Many of the contributors have been closely involved in crime prevention and community safety policy development and research in different countries. As such, they are well placed to reflect upon developmental trajectories over the last quarter of a century, as well as to draw out the underlying influences that have shaped such changes. The editor: Adam Crawford is Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice and Director of the Centre for Criminal Justice Studies at the University of Leeds. The contributors: Adam Crawford, Jaap de Waard, Adam Edwards, Patrick Hebberecht, Alistair Henry, Tim Hope, Gordon Hughes, Michael Jasch, Klára Kerezsi, Dario Melossi, Rossella Selmini, Margaret Show, Jan J.M. Van Dijk, Anne Wyvekens. [Willan Publishing, Devon, 2009] ◊◊◊◊◊◊
English summary: Trafficking in human beings should be regarded as a very serious crime, which means at the same time, a many-sided violation of human rights, too. Trafficking in human beings is frequently recognised as a part of transnational organised crime. It is a complex phenomenon, connected with economic and sexual exploitation of prostitution, forced labour, child abuse, domestic servitude, and other slavery like practices. The international community made a lot of efforts, particularly in the last decades, to prevent and combat this type of crime, prosecute the offender and protect the victim. ◊◊◊◊◊◊
In the last few years there was no other widespread research made in Hungary similar to that prepared upon the Attorney General's request in the National Institute of Criminology in 2007 which offered an overview of all the problems connected with the international migration. Such a deep elaboration of this topic was urging, because with Hungary’s joining the boarder control and boarder information system of the Schengen treaty, the Northern and Western boundaries of the country became penetrable uncontrolled. From this situation not only institutional restructurings resulted, but it is impelling a further conception making as well, thus Hungary has to play today an initiative role on Union level. The studies in this book are introducing in detail the current tendencies, problems and solutions concerning the international migration. The authors state conclusions and concrete suggestions, with the goal, that these will be used in the practice of penal law, crime investigation and crime prevention. Szilveszter Póczik, leader of the research mentioned and editor of this study book analyzed the basic migration-related problems based on the theoretical and special historic literature. Tamás Jagusztin and Gergely Bodnár introduce the community legislation, the immigration policy and the migration related legal institutions of the European Union, as well as the basic characteristics of the legal and illegal immigration. Szandra Windt analyzes the characteristics as well as the juridical and political tools of struggle against illegal migration based on the Italian, the Spanish, the German and the English statistical data in comparison, as well as the offenders and victims of the people’s smuggling in Hungary. Lenke Fehér draws a general picture on forms of trafficking in human beings and of migration connected international organized crime. Szilveszter Póczik and Szilveszter Dunavölgyi give an overview on the formation of the immigration related institutional system in Hungary in the 20th century as well as the present statutory regulation of the Hungarian refugee system and the immigration trends after the political change of 1989. Szilveszter Póczik analyses the criminality committed by foreign citizens in Hungary based on the criminal statistical databases and figures.
HVG-ORAC Publisher House
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This is the latest, 45th volume of a series of publication started in 1962, which – in conformity with the traditions – provides samples from the research findings of the researchers of the National Institute of Criminology (OKRI) in a period of one year for those interested in criminological studies. The studies of this year’s volume – within the fields of criminology and criminal jurisprudence – are organized around two main topics. Besides the classical criminological topics (criminality among children and young people, violent crime, etc.) theoretical studies on the enforcement of formal and material legal norms can be found among the published writings. I am commending this year’s volume as worthy of the attention of readers interested in criminology and jurisprudence, trusting that this “menu” has earned their attention and that the studies in this volume address the topical issues that have been raised clearly and at a high level. At the beginning of the 21st century criminology has to face several challenges. Moreover, contemporary criminology has come to a crossroads and may easily become marginalized if the researchers involved in it fail to provide practical, positive proposals besides merely criticizing the present situation. There is a need for research resulting in findings that have practical application and for realistic and clear explanation of the phenomena, for efficient participation in the debates and the decisions concerning practice and also for a living and active relationship with reality, practice and the system of legal administration. Our intentions are carrying out research in this direction. May 2008, Budapest, György Virág editor
Large, densely constructed high-rise housing estates at the fringes of cities are particularly regarded as urban areas that exhibit a severe potential for crime and insecurity. Rehabilitation schemes have therefore been increasingly utilised for remedial schemes in suburban housing during the past years.
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Our Institute joined the international self-report delinquency study (ISRD-2) in the year 2005. As a follow-up, 2200 thirteen-to-fifteen-year-olds (7-9th grade attendees) were questionned in 2006 about the connection qualities to their social scenes and groups significant for adolescent social developement such as family, area of living, school, peergroup, their deviant freetime experiences and life values. The current research supports the earlier ISRD findings, namely that there are three fundamental issues influencing crime/deviance committing behaviour: (1) age, (2) peergroup, and (3) alcohol consumption. According to our research, the very first deviance was committed even before the adolescence (before the age of punishability was reached): the age of onset was mainly the 12-14th year. Likelihood of commission was getting higher with the ages. Level of parental control was satisfying – the pupils participated family programmes more times a week – however, peergroup played a noticeably more important role in freetime activities. Loosening of family connections was a tendency on the average: there are many seemingly sound but practically ill-working families without the power of integration. The missing bounding character of the family could be caught red handed first of all in the connection with crimes agains property: those who had at least once in life committed a crime agains property connected not to their family, but more to their peers. The research says that alcohol consumption plays a significant role in the low adolescence’s life, not even as a side effect, but also a l’ art pour l’ art way of entertainment. However, drug consumption remains calmingly rare. Because of the relatively low age of first-time offenders, prevention strategies should put their focus not only on adolescents but even on children. Prevention programmes should be built upon peergroup activity, thus becoming an integrated part of the educational system.
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Punishment is one form of social control, which is based on other social control mechanisms. The definition of criminal law sanctions’ purpose is included in the wider political context of the role of the state, consequently the opinion of the governing political power concerning the state’s role, the individual liability and the relationship between the individual and the state may be observed in the criminal sanctions. Thus the author has examined that in these changed circumstances where the criminal policies of the European countries can find their ways concerning alternative sanctions, and which are the special circumstances raising or lowering the value of alternative sanctions in the tool system of crime control. Those sanctions are called ‘community sanctions’ in certain countries, which entails the examination of the question that what crime control means under the term of ‘community’ in the beginning of the 21st century, but also the question whether the institutions providing for the execution of such sanctions may serve as a ‘transmission belt’ in the process of extending the limits of criminal justice control. The author examined the complex relationship system appearing in the tools of crime control only in the alternative sanctions’ concern. Her purpose was to check whether the change of the alternative sanctions’ role in the criminal policy is justified only by the fact that they offer cost-effective solutions to the crime control, or whether just by that they serve repression more effectively by involving new actors, tools and methods, or whether by that their use creates an opportunity to ‘spread out’ criminal justice control forms within the community. [Klára Kerezsi: Control or Support: The Dilemma of Alternative Sanctions
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The opening study of this book is written by a renowned criminologist and public administration expert, about the criminological background of crime prevention, and the national criminal policies. Afterwards the reader can take in hand the documents relying on the results of the research conducted in the National Institute of Criminology in the context of the housing mafia. Passing beyond the mere scientific documentation of this phenomenon, the editors invited such experts to write studies describing the deeper relationships of the problem from several aspects. The CD belonging to the book contains the background materials which are necessary for getting familiarized on micro level with the housing mafia activity and the intervention against it: parliamentary working materials, decisions by the government, courts and the ombudsmen, bills, laws effective, inoperative and dating back to the 19th century, as well as other documents.
[Szilveszter Póczik & Szilveszter Dunavölgyi:
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NIC Publications
Foreign-Language Publications in 2009
Workshops at National Institute of Criminology
March's Theme: Economic processes - social safety, risks and criminal cases
3rd March
The influence of slump on the economic delinquency Presenter: Dr István László Gál (PTE ÁJK) 10th March Experiences of the investigation of crimes concerning corruption Presenter: István Benes (National Agency of Investigation) 17th March Crimes of corruption: from the prosecutor’s point of view Presenter: Dr Sándor Ihász (Chief prosecutor of Budapest) 24th March Aspects of criminal politics in the filed of fight against corruption Presenter: Dr Péter Hack 31st March Roundtable conversation about the investigation of corruption Moderators: Szilveszter Dunavölgyi & Ádám Mészáros (OKRI)
♦ preview workshops
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